A influência das crenças de autoeficácia na manutenção do emagrecimento / The influence of self-efficacy beliefs in maintaining weight loss

Este artigo de revisão narrativa da literatura aborda questões referentes à manutenção do emagrecimento e sua relação com as crenças de autoeficácia, tanto de pacientes obesos quanto com sobrepeso, sob o viés da psicoterapia cognitivo-comportamental. A manutenção da perda de peso é um dos estágios mais importantes e mais difíceis enfrentados pelas pessoas que almejam manter o emagrecimento. Portanto, este artigo busca entender de que forma a sensação de competência pessoal interfere na manutenção do emagrecimento, já que grande parte das pessoas que tenta emagrecer readquire o peso em até um ano depois. Autoeficácia pode ser definida como a confiança na capacidade de organizar e executar determinadas ações. A conclusão é de que as crenças de autoeficácia interferem diretamente na manutenção do peso e seu monitoramento, portanto seu desenvolvimento e reestruturação também devem ser foco de atenção dos psicoterapeutas e pacientes que tem por objetivo terapêutico o emagrecimento e manutenção do mesmo.(AU)

The following article addresses issues related to the maintenance of weight loss and its relation with self-efficacy beliefs in both obese and overweight patients under the bias of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. The maintenance of the weight loss is one of the most important as well as the most difficult stages faced by people that aims to maintain the weight loss. Therefore, this article seeks to understand how the sense of personal competence interferes with the maintenance of weight loss, giving that numbers of people who try to lose weight end up to getting fat after one year. Self-efficacy can be defined as the confidence in the own ability to organize and perform certain actions. The conclusion is that self-efficacy beliefs directly interfere in the maintenance of weight and it is continued checking, therefore its development and restructuration should be a focus of the work of psychotherapists and patients whose therapeutic goal are weight loss and maintenance.(AU)

Dependência de álcool e recaída: considerações sobre a tomada de decisão / Alcohol dependence and relapse: some considerations concerning decision-making

O objetivo do trabalho foi compreender as recaídas de indivíduos alcoolistas no que diz respeito a sua relação com a tomada de decisão. Parece haver disfunções no córtex pré-frontal ventromedial em dependentes de álcool, o que faz com que estes indivíduos possuam prejuízos na tomada de decisão semelhantes aos apresentados por pacientes não alcoolistas que possuem lesões nesta mesma área cerebral. Ambos fazem escolhas que proporcionam recompensas imediatas e desconsideram os prejuízos negativos futuros associados a estas. Existe um forte debate no que diz respeito à relação entre o uso de álcool e a tomada de decisão. Para contemplar o objetivo, foi realizada uma revisão assistemática da literatura. Enquanto para alguns autores o prejuízo na tomada de decisão é decorrente de danos neurológicos causados por substâncias, para outros os déficits na tomada de decisão são anteriores ao uso do álcool e conduzem os indivíduos a este comportamento.(AU)

The aim of this study was to understand the relapse of alcoholics with regard to their decision making processes. There seems to be dysfunction in the ventromedial frontal cortex in alcoholic patients, which lead to deficits in decision making similar to those presented by nonalcoholic patients who have lesions in the same circuits. Both make choices that provide immediate rewards, in the context of negative future losses. There is a strong debate regarding the relationship between alcohol use and decision making. To address the objective, was performed an unsystematic review. While for some authors deficits in decision making are due to neurological damage caused by substances, for other deficits in the decision predated the use of alcohol and lead individuals to this behavior.(AU)

A cultural study on decision making: performance differences on the Iowa gambling task between selected groups of brazilians and americans

This study compared the performance of selected groups of Brazilian and American individuals on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The sample was composed of 70 Brazilian and American individuals of both genders, divided into two groups of young and older adults. The two groups of Brazilians were composed of 10 young adults, aged 25 to 41 years, and 25 older adults, aged 60 to 75 years. The two groups of Americans were composed of 10 young adults, aged 28 to 39 years, and 25 older adults, aged 60 to 76 years. A two-way analysis of variance revealed differences in performance between Brazilian and American participants, regardless of age group (country, p = .001; age group, p = .134; country vs. age group, p = .291). Analyses of variance using age group and country as main factors did not reveal any difference between the two national groups with regard to the learning achieved during the task (block, p < .001; age group, p = .063; country, p = .086). The results suggest that culture, represented by the country of origin, influences the performance of individuals on the IGT, demonstrating the importance of validating an instrument for each cultural group on which it is used.

A tomada de decisão em adultos jovens e em adultos idosos: um estudo comparativo / Decision making in young and older adults: a comparative study / La toma de decisión en adultos jóvenes y en adultos mayores: un estudio comparativo

O presente estudo comparou adultos jovens e adultos idosos em seu desempenho na IGT. A amostra foi constituída por de 72 indivíduos, distribuídos em dois grupos etários: 36 adultos jovens (M = 29,86, DP = 4,63) e 36 adultos idosos (M = 66,89, DP = 5,19). Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto às escolhas de cartas (p= 0,60), considerando o escore com base no cálculo (mental). Observaram-se, contudo, diferenças significativas no processo de aprendizagem (p = 0,026). considerando o escore com base na frequência (punição), não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas escolhas das cartas (p = 0,48) bem como no processo de aprendizagem (p = 0,076). Os resultados corroboram estudos anteriores, que minimizam a influência da idade na IGT. Sugerese que a forma de analisar os escores pode estar influenciando o entendimento do comportamento de escolha, juntamente a aspectos referentes à constituição da amostra....(AU)

The present study compared young and elderly adults as to their performance in the IGT. The sample was comprised of 72 individuals, distributed into two age groups: 36 young adults (M = 29.86, SD = 4.63) and 36 older adults (M = 66.89, SD = 5.19). considering the calculation-based score (mental), there was no difference between the groups as the choice of the cards (p = 0.60). However, there was significant difference as to the learning processes (p = 0.026). There was no significant difference when considering the score based on frequency (punishment), neither as to the choice of cards (p = 0.48), nor as to the learning process (p = 0.076). The results corroborate previous studies, which do not consider age as a factor that influences IGT performance. The scores analysis might have a strong influence on the understanding of the choice behavior, in addition to aspects relative to sample composition....(AU)

El presente estudio comparó adultos jóvenes y adultos mayores en su desempeño en la IGT. La muestra se constituyó por 72 individuos, distribuidos en dos grupos de edad: 36 adultos jóvenes (M = 29,86, DP = 4,63) y 36 adultos mayores (M = 66,89, DP = 5,19). No hubo diferencia entre los grupos en cuanto a las elecciones de cartas (p = 0,60), considerando el marcador con base en el cálculo (mental). Se observaron, sin embargo, diferencias significativas en el proceso de aprendizaje (p = 0,026). considerando el marcador con base en la frecuencia (castigo), no fueron observadas diferencias significativas en las elecciones de las cartas (p = 0,48) así como en el proceso de aprendizaje (p = 0,076). Los resultados corroboran estudios anteriores, que minimizan la influencia de la edad en la IGT. Se sugiere que la forma de analizar los resultados puede estar influenciando el entendimiento del comportamiento de elección, juntamente a aspectos referentes a la constitución de la muestra....(AU)

Executive functions in the young elderly and oldest old: a preliminary comparison emphasizing decision making

This study aimed at investigating differences in the performance of the young elderly and oldest old in tasks evaluating cognitive flexibility/inhibition (Stroop test), selective attention/working memory (Digit Span Subtest), premorbid intelligence/semantic knowledge (Vocabulary Subtest), and decision making (Iowa Gambling Task - IGT). Twenty healthy individuals were divided into two groups: 10 young elderly (M = 62 years, SD = 2.1) and 10 oldest old (M = 80 years, SD = 3.3), both with high educational level (M = 14 years of study, SD = 2.5). Results showed that the groups were only different in terms of decision making. There was also a difference in the learning process of each group; the young elderly reached more favorable scores in the IGT.